Device To Device Communication Simulation

Device-to-Device is a practice of launching communication with nearby mobile users/devices without the involvement of base station or core network elements (high-level controller). By the by, it is also termed direct Device to device communication simulation, which has default characteristics of high spectral efficiency, low delay, high data rate, low resource utilization, and fairness.

More than the above-specified characteristics, it has numerous benefits in a network-based communication. For instance: fallback (in-network shutdown), reduced network traffic, power harvesting, and low delay. For more clarity, we have given the main reasons for device-to-device communication usage.

From this article, you can learn important updates about Device to Device Communication Simulation Tools along with key Research Areas and Ideas!!!

D2D Purpose

• For modeling optimized scheduling techniques in D2D downlink / uplink resource request of networks (LTE-A, HSPA, LTE, etc.)
• For balancing mobile data load in D2D based LTE / LTE-A systems

In addition, the resource team has specified other significant requirements of the D2D communication. We assure you that this helps you to understand the fundamental purpose of the D2D along with its advantages. Moreover, these advantages instigate the interest of the scholars and make them move towards D2D networks.

Why D2D?

• Direct Transmission between UEs
  • Enable the devices to communicate with each other through direct link and support emergency services
  • More than Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, it gives higher performance
  • Re-claiming the mobile networks resources (For instance: spectrum)
  • Allow D2D users to use cellular users’ resource blocks
  • For instances: Video content sharing, Social networks and gaming
• Advantages
  • Low end-to-end latency, high data rate and proximity / recycling facilities

On knowing the importance of D2D communication, our research team has conducted an end-to-end study on all recent research papers, magazines, and articles of Device to Device Communication Simulation Networks. From this deep study, we have listed samples of current open research issues and their appropriate solutions for your awareness. So, make a note of them which helps you to gain more knowledge on current areas.

Research Challenges in Device to Device Communication Simulation

• Selection of Mode
  • Open Challenges – No.of.Mode Variation, Mode Selection (Overheads and Constrained Drive)
  • Solutions – Communication Link Achievement, Guard Zone and Distance Cut-off
• Discovery of Device
  • Open Challenges – Device Synchronization, Discovery Data Rate and Pilot Discovery
  • Solutions – Energy Effective, Asynchronous and Quick Device Discovery
• Mobility
  • Open Challenges – Handover Methods in High Mobility Network, Framing best Handover Factors and OSI Layer Selection
  • Solutions – QoS-Aware Handover and D2D aid in Users Handover
• Resource Management (Power and Interference Control)
  • Open Challenges –Ultra-dense Devices in Multiple-tier Architecture, Single Huge Network / Multi-Tiny Networks and Interference (enemy or friend)
  • Solutions – Linear Optimization, Game Theory, PSO, Graph theory, Decentralized / Admission Control and Cognitive Radio based Spectrum Access
• Economic Perspective
  • Open Challenges – Avoiding Untrusted Behavior and Improving Social-benefit Performance
  • Solutions – Auction-assisted, Cooperative and Non-cooperative Schemes
• Privacy and Security
  • Open Challenges – Insufficient Standardization, Non-Repudiation, Distributed Anonymity and Stabilizing Trade-Off between Energy and Security
  • Solutions – Anonymization, Key Management, Verification and Privacy improvements

Furthermore, we have shared the technologies that are backing the D2D communication to create a beneficial impact on the current research community. These technologies are currently recognized as active scholars’ demands in D2D communication Simulation.

What are technologies are behind D2D communication Simulation?

• Scheduling Strategies Redesigning
  • D2D Frame Utilization
    • FDD (use UL spectrum) and TDD (use UL sub-frame)
  • D2D / Cellular Communication Scheduling
    • Non-overlapping (use new cellular RBs) and Overlapping (non-interfering same RBs)
  • D2D enabled Technologies
    • Mode Selection
    • Milli Meter Wave (mm-Wave)
    • Internet of Things (IoT)
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
  • Device Discovery and Categorization
    • Discovery Kinds
      • Reactive (Discovery signal is for each UE) and Proactive (Discovery signal is for each set of UEs / entire UEs)
    • eNodeB categorize the Cellular and D2D pairs depends on different features (interference, position, power, length, etc.)

For the add-on benefit of active scholars, we have given the top 10 Research notions that we are currently working for our handhold scholars. More than this, we have massive budding research ideas from growing research areas.

Top 10 Research Ideas in D2D Communication

• Assessing Time-Changing Radio Channels for D2D Transmission in Industries
• Base Station Sleeping Approach for Device-to-Device Optimal CH-Density and Selection
• Low Delay Partial Computing Load Balancing for D2D-based MEC Systems
• Intelligent Surface Sanction and Reconfiguration in D2D Transmission
• Latency-Aware Cooperative D2D Interaction based on Cache Scheme in Mobile Network
• Advance Federated Learning Approach in Mobile-Edge D2D Communication
• Minimization of Energy Wastage in Resource Distribution with Defective CSI for D2D NOMA Transmission
• Movement-Aware Dynamic Service Employment in D2D-based Mobile Edge Computing
• Joint Beamforming and M-MIMO Techniques for Federated D2D Communications and Power Provision
• QoE-Aware Resource Distribution for D2D NOMA Communication

Simulation Results for D2D Communication

In general D2D transmission, there are more different kinds of scenarios available for Coverage. And they are User Equipment (outage coverage, within Coverage, and partial Coverage).  Next, we can see about the Device to Device Communication Simulation analysis by means of designing aspects, inspection, and performance metrics

D2D Communication Simulation Analysis

• Designing Aspects
  • PPP and Gaussian Signaling Estimate
  • Frequency-reclaim
  • Biasing and Offloading
  • Ergodic Rate and Error Analysis
  • Spectrum Distribution
• Inspection
  • Context Analysis of PPP
  • Interference Outage or Characterization
  • Uplink and Downlink Analysis
  • Scaling laws and Analysis Techniques
• Performance Metrics
  • Throughput
  • Coverage
  • Percolation
  • Outage Probability
  • Connectivity
  • Error Probability (Pairwise and Symbol)
  • Capacity (Ergodic and Transmission)

From the development viewpoint, our developers have given the extensively used algorithms /techniques which yield the best Device to Device Communication project results. Even for the difficult problems, our developers design their own algorithm / pseudo-code to tackle the problems in their smart-way.

Mathematical Algorithms for D2D Communication Simulation

• Lagrangian Multipliers
• Alzer’s Inequality
• Discrete Time-Markov Chain
• Chen-Stein Technique
• Convex Optimization
• Merge and Split Approach
• Newton’s Approach
• Lyapunov Optimization
• Distributed Procedures
• Weight Bipartie Match
• Coalitional Game Theory
• Han-Kobayashi
• Poisson Point Process
• Auction Algorithm
• Queuing / Game Theory
• Fubini’s and Slivnyak’s Theorem
• Geometrical Probability
• Exhaustive Search
• Laplace Transform
• Evolution Theory
• Heurstic Algorithm
• Jensen’s Inequality
• Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
• Kuhn-Munkres Method
• Mixed Integer Non-linear Programming
• Dynamic, Integer, Non-Linear and Linear Programming
• Sub-gradient and Hungarian Algorithm

Further, our developers also have given the best Device to Device Communication Simulation tools which are sophisticated with huge libraries, modules, extension tools, toolboxes, and more to support new technologies and approaches in mobile communication.  We are familiarized with all these simulators by building several simple and complex applications/services. And, we also guide you in handpicking the suitable tool based on your project requirements and research problem.

What are the best simulation tools for D2D communication?

• Matlab (link-level simulator) is more suitable for 5G enabled D2D networks
• LENA (NS3) and LTESim are primary system-level libraries for network virtualization
• Omnet++, OPNET and NS3 (simulate enable to simulate real performance of D2D networks)
• Other NS3 tool characteristics:
  • Novel error model for PHY layer (BLER curves)
  • Fixed scheduler for resource (configurable)
  • Different channel models
  • D2D Discovery and synchronization (in / out coverage, UE_SELECTED mode)

For illustrative purposes, we have handpicked OMNET++ with SimuLTE tool as an example for Device to Device communication Simulation. This tool lets you develop any kind of application in different scenarios and configurations. Further, it supports communication mode changing, scheduling tasks with frequency reuse, content broadcasting, etc. Below, we have itemized the core characteristics of D2D communication.

The key features of D2D communication are follows,

• SimuLTE enable to assess the D2D applications and UDP / TCP services efficiency. In addition, it also let the developers to modify the tool based on their project development needs
• Evaluate the tool performance based on execution duration and complexity-level
• Include computational efficiency which is simpler than the complicated conventional models

Simulation Parameters for D2D (SimuLTE)

Next, we can see that the performance metrics for asses in the D2D model developed in SimuLTE simulator. For instance: In the case of Multi-hop D2D communication, we evaluate the performance in terms of execution time, communication horizon versus reception possibility, and interference radius versus frequency reclaim. Some of the simulation parameters are as follows.

• Number of User Equipment (UEs)
• Type of D2D Interaction
• Data Traffic Pattern
• Simulation Duration
• UE’s Transmit Power and Mobility

How to select an effective simulation tool for D2D communication?

When the scholar selects their project development tool, it is necessary to keep certain things in their mind. At first, need to find whether the simulator is used for uplink or downlink purpose. Then, check whether the simulator includes the following.

• Mobility and Traffic Control
• Interference Configuration
• Resource Provisioning Method (Power / Energy)
• Link Measurement / Performance Model
• Coordinated Multi Point (COMP) Unit
• Scale Fading (Macro and Micro)
• Precoding Methods

The performance metrics are used for different scenarios such as link measurement/performance, user equipment, scheduling, simulation, and networking. And, some of their performance parameters are given below for your reference,

How to perform Device to Device communication simulation?

• Frequency
• BER
• Path Loss Ratios
• SINR
• Bandwidth
• Proportional Fairness (PF)
• Robin Round
• Frame error ratio (FER)
• Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)
• Average throughput (edge, peak and mean)

Now, we can see how the D2D communication model is evaluated to identify the actual performance of the simulated model. Further, we can improve the performance based on some adjustments over the simulation processes. Here, we have listed few key parameters of D2D communication.

Performance Analysis of D2D Communication

• Data Rate
  • Devices in nearby can utilize coding modulation of high order to increase the data rates
• Quality of Service (QoS)
  • Devices should compute the SINR of neighboring devices in comparison to classic mobile networks links
  • Need to employ advance interference mitigation approach
• Service Availability
  • For emergency situations like network failure, D2D offer fallback solution to connect with devices either directly or using relays
• Network Load (Balancing)
  • Generally, minimize the network load. In this, it balance the traffic load from base station along with backhaul which eventually end up in cost-efficacy

To the end, we can see about the D2D communication supportive emulation, which is very close to the simulations. In this, if required, we can integrate the hardware devices along with software applications. And, we have given some other significant characteristics of emulation with their application deployment environs.

Emulation of D2D Communication

• Testbed development (For example: UEs (smartphones) and LTE eNB (Wi-fi Accesss Points))
• Categorizing Cellular or D2D services (distance, length and locality)
• TDD based scheduling (Time sychronization)
• Signal Discovery (locality and strength)
• Power Management Strategies for smartphones (modulation, timing and transmission power)

Application Implementation

• Android App (Transceiver and Receiver UEs)
  • Android KitKat 4.4.2 and Lenovo Nexus 5
• Java API (eNodeB)
  • Livetek Adapter
  • Ubuntu -14.04

On the whole, we are glad to inform you that we support both the research and development phases. And, our team is much concerned and aware of time management. As a result, you will receive your Device to Device Communication Simulation project on time as scheduled. So, we hope that you will use this fruitful opportunity by holding our hands.

Milestones