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Performance analysis in finance is a critical aspect of assessing how well financial assets, portfolios, and companies are performing over a given period. It helps investors, analysts, and organizations make informed decisions about asset allocation, risk management, and strategic financial planning. Below are the main aspects of performance analysis in finance:
- Financial Performance of Companies
- Profitability Analysis
- Net Profit Margin (NPM): This metric measures a company’s ability to generate profit from its revenues after expenses. It is calculated as:
Net Profit Margin=×100
A higher NPM indicates better profitability.
- Return on Assets (ROA): ROA indicates how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate profit. It is calculated as:
ROA=×100
- Return on Equity (ROE): ROE measures the profitability relative to shareholders’ equity and is a key indicator of financial performance:
ROE=×100
- Liquidity and Solvency
Current Ratio: The current ratio measures the company’s ability to pay short-term obligations with its short-term assets. A ratio above 1 indicates the company can meet its short-term liabilities.
Current Ratio=
- Quick Ratio: Also known as the acid-test ratio, it excludes inventory from current assets, providing a more conservative liquidity assessment:
Quick Ratio=
- Debt-to-Equity Ratio (D/E): This ratio indicates the proportion of debt financing relative to equity. It is calculated as:
D/E Ratio=
A higher D/E ratio indicates higher leverage, which could imply higher risk.
- Efficiency Ratios
- Asset Turnover Ratio: This ratio measures how effectively a company uses its assets to generate sales:
Asset Turnover=
- Inventory Turnover Ratio: This measures how often a company sells and replaces its inventory during a period:
Inventory Turnover=
- Investment Performance Analysis
- Returns Analysis
- Absolute Return: Absolute return measures the overall return on an investment over a specific period, without comparison to a benchmark.
- Relative Return: This is the return on an investment relative to a benchmark, often used to evaluate a fund manager’s performance. It is computed as:
Relative Return=Portfolio Return−Benchmark Return
- Annualized Return (CAGR): Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is used to measure the return of an investment over time, smoothing out volatility. The formula is:
CAGR=
where n is the number of years.
- Risk-Adjusted Return
- Sharpe Ratio: This measures the excess return (return above the risk-free rate) per unit of risk (standard deviation). It is calculated as:
Sharpe Ratio=
A higher Sharpe ratio indicates better risk-adjusted performance.
- Sortino Ratio: Similar to the Sharpe ratio, but it only considers downside risk (negative deviations), making it more focused on downside performance:
Sortino Ratio=
- Alpha (α): Alpha measures the active return on an investment compared to a market index or benchmark. A positive alpha indicates outperformance, while a negative alpha suggests underperformance.
- Beta (β): Beta measures the volatility (or systematic risk) of an asset in relation to the market as a whole. A beta greater than 1 indicates greater volatility than the market.
- Portfolio Performance
- Treynor Ratio: This is similar to the Sharpe ratio but uses systematic risk (beta) instead of total risk (standard deviation):
Treynor Ratio=
- Jensen’s Alpha: This is a performance metric that calculates the excess return of a portfolio compared to the expected return predicted by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). A positive Jensen’s alpha indicates that the portfolio has outperformed the expected return.
- Maximum Drawdown (MDD): This metric indicates the largest peak-to-trough decline in the portfolio value during a specific period, representing the worst-case scenario for a portfolio.
- Performance Evaluation in Corporate Finance
- Capital Budgeting
- Net Present Value (NPV): NPV evaluates the profitability of an investment or project by calculating the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows. A positive NPV indicates a profitable investment.
- Internal Rate of Return (IRR): IRR is the discount rate that makes the NPV of a project zero. It is used to evaluate the attractiveness of investments. A project is considered acceptable if the IRR exceeds the required rate of return.
- Payback Period: This is the amount of time it takes for an investment to recover its initial cost. Shorter payback periods are generally preferred.
- Earnings Quality
- Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) Margin: EBIT margin assesses a company’s operating profitability:
EBIT Margin=×100
- Operating Cash Flow to Sales Ratio: This ratio indicates the proportion of operating income that is backed by cash flow from operations, ensuring the company’s earnings are sustainable:
Operating Cash Flow to Sales=
- Performance Metrics in Financial Markets
- Market Performance
- Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio: The P/E ratio evaluates whether a stock is overvalued or undervalued based on its earnings. It is calculated as:
P/E Ratio=
- Dividend Yield: This represents the dividend income as a percentage of the stock price, indicating the income return from a stock:
Dividend Yield=×100
- Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio: The P/B ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value, helping assess whether the stock is undervalued or overvalued:
P/B Ratio=
- Behavioral Performance Analysis
- Investor Sentiment: Market performance can also be influenced by investor sentiment, which can be analyzed through indicators like the Volatility Index (VIX), which measures market fear and uncertainty.
- Market Volatility: Volatility measures how much an asset’s price fluctuates over time, often used as a risk indicator. Performance analysis often tracks volatility to gauge risk.
S.no | Title | Subject Area | Print ISSN |
1. | Research in International Business and Finance | Finance | 2755319 |
2. | Management Accounting Research | Finance | 10445005 |
3. | Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting | Finance | 0924865X |
4. | Games and Economic Behavior | Finance | 8998256 |
5. | Financial Analysts Journal | Finance | 0015198X |
6. | Finance a Uver – Czech Journal of Economics and Finance | Finance | 151920 |
7. | Pacific Basin Finance Journal | Finance | 0927538X |
8. | Finance and Development | Finance | 1451707 |
9. | Finance and Stochastics | Finance | 9492984 |
10. | Finance Research Letters | Finance | 15446123 |
11. | Financial History Review | Finance | 9685650 |
12. | Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments | Finance | 9638008 |
13. | International Review of Law and Economics | Finance | 1448188 |
14. | Banking Law Journal | Finance | 55506 |
15. | Quantitative Finance | Finance | 14697688 |
16. | Review of Derivatives Research | Finance | 13806645 |
17. | Review of Finance | Finance | 15723097 |
18. | Review of Financial Studies | Finance | 8939454 |
19. | Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies | Finance | 2190915 |
20. | Global Finance Journal | Finance | 10440283 |
21. | Journal of Futures Markets | Finance | 2707314 |
22. | Journal of Portfolio Management | Finance | 954918 |
23. | International Finance | Finance | 13670271 |
24. | Public Money and Management | Finance | 9540962 |
25. | International Journal of Finance and Economics | Finance | 10769307 |
26. | International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance | Finance | 2190249 |
27. | International Review of Financial Analysis | Finance | 10575219 |
28. | Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice | Finance | 10185895 |
29. | Journal of Banking and Finance | Finance | 3784266 |
30. | Journal of Corporate Finance | Finance | 9291199 |
31. | Journal of Empirical Finance | Finance | 9275398 |
32. | Journal of Finance | Finance | 221082 |
33. | Journal of Financial Markets | Finance | 13864181 |
34. | Journal of Financial Services Research | Finance | 9208550 |
35. | Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money | Finance | 10424431 |
36. | Journal of International Money and Finance | Finance | 2615606 |
37. | Journal of Monetary Economics | Finance | 3043932 |
38. | Journal of Money, Credit and Banking | Finance | 222879 |
39. | Venture Capital | Finance | 13691066 |
40. | Mathematical Finance | Finance | 9601627 |
41. | Journal of Risk and Insurance | Finance | 224367 |
42. | China Economic Review | Finance | 1043951X |
43. | Journal of International Management | Finance | 10754253 |
44. | Journal of Management | Finance | 1492063 |
45. | Journal of Multinational Financial Management | Finance | 1042444X |
46. | European Economic Review | Finance | 142921 |
47. | Long Range Planning | Finance | 246301 |
48. | Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies | Finance | 290092 |
49. | International Review of Economics and Finance | Finance | 10590560 |
50. | Journal of Asian Economics | Finance | 10490078 |
51. | Voprosy Ekonomiki | Finance | 428736 |
52. | Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics | Finance | 8955638 |
53. | World Economy | Finance | 3785920 |
54. | Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance | Finance | 10629769 |
55. | International Business Review | Finance | 9695931 |
56. | North American Journal of Economics and Finance | Finance | 10629408 |
57. | Review of Financial Economics | Finance | 10583300 |
58. | Journal of Financial Economics | Finance | 0304405X |
59. | Journal of Financial Research | Finance | 2702592 |
60. | Journal of International Economics | Finance | 221996 |
61. | Real Estate Economics | Finance | 10808620 |
62. | Applied Mathematical Finance | Finance | 1350486X |
63. | Fiscal Studies | Finance | 1435671 |
64. | World Bank Economic Review | Finance | 2586770 |
65. | Emerging Markets Finance and Trade | Finance | 1540496X |
66. | Accounting and Business Research | Finance | 14788 |
67. | International Tax and Public Finance | Finance | 9275940 |
68. | Accounting Review | Finance | 14826 |
69. | Economics Letters | Finance | 1651765 |
70. | Auditing | Finance | 2780380 |
71. | Japan and the World Economy | Finance | 9221425 |
72. | Journal of Financial Intermediation | Finance | 10429573 |
73. | Journal of Public Economics | Finance | 472727 |
74. | Journal of Risk and Uncertainty | Finance | 8955646 |
75. | Contemporary Accounting Research | Finance | 8239150 |
76. | Critical Perspectives on Accounting | Finance | 10452354 |
77. | Public Finance Review | Finance | 10911421 |
78. | Journal of World Business | Finance | 10909516 |
79. | Journal of the Japanese and International Economies | Finance | 8891583 |
80. | Revue d’Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest | Finance | 3380599 |
81. | International Journal of Accounting | Finance | 10944060 |
82. | International Journal of Accounting Information Systems | Finance | 14670895 |
83. | Journal of Accounting and Economics | Finance | 1654101 |
84. | Journal of Accounting Research | Finance | 218456 |
85. | Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation | Finance | 10619518 |
86. | Financial Management | Finance | 463892 |
87. | Annals of Finance | Finance | 16142446 |
88. | Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis | Finance | 221090 |
89. | Journal of Property Investment and Finance | Finance | 1463578X |
90. | Property Management | Finance | 2637472 |
91. | Asia-Pacific Financial Markets | Finance | 13872834 |
92. | Journal of Financial Stability | Finance | 15723089 |
93. | Accounting Forum | Finance | 1559982 |
94. | International Journal of Managerial Finance | Finance | 17439132 |
95. | Decisions in Economics and Finance | Finance | 15938883 |
96. | GENEVA Risk and Insurance Review | Finance | 1554964X |
97. | American Law and Economics Review | Finance | 14657252 |
98. | Journal of Financial Econometrics | Finance | 14798409 |
99. | Technological and Economic Development of Economy | Finance | 20294913 |
100. | Journal of Business Finance and Accounting | Finance | 0306686X |
101. | Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting | Finance | 9541314 |
102. | Accounting and Finance | Finance | 8105391 |
103. | Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance | Finance | 0148558X |
104. | Family Business Review | Finance | 8944865 |
105. | Advances in Accounting | Finance | 8826110 |
106. | Research in Finance | Finance | 1963821 |
107. | International Finance Review | Finance | 15693767 |
108. | International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation | Finance | 17408008 |
109. | Journal of Education Finance | Finance | 989495 |
110. | Financial Markets and Portfolio Management | Finance | 19344554 |
111. | Advances in Taxation | Finance | 10587497 |
112. | Risk Management and Insurance Review | Finance | 10981616 |
113. | Journal of Public Economic Theory | Finance | 14679779 |
114. | Risk Management | Finance | 14603799 |
115. | Global Business and Finance Review | Finance | 10886931 |
116. | Prague Economic Papers | Finance | 12100455 |
117. | Public Budgeting and Finance | Finance | 2751100 |
118. | FinanzArchiv | Finance | 152218 |
119. | ASTIN Bulletin | Finance | 5150361 |
120. | International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics | Finance | 19321465 |
121. | European Accounting Review | Finance | 9638180 |
122. | Hacienda Publica Espanola | Finance | 2101173 |
123. | Mathematics and Financial Economics | Finance | 18629679 |
124. | Journal of Alternative Investments | Finance | 15203255 |
125. | Journal of Derivatives | Finance | 10741240 |
126. | Journal of Fixed Income | Finance | 10598596 |
127. | Journal of Wealth Management | Finance | 15347524 |
128. | Journal of Private Equity | Finance | 10965572 |
129. | Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning | Finance | 10523073 |
130. | Journal of Economics and Finance | Finance | 10550925 |
131. | Accounting Perspectives | Finance | 1911382X |
132. | International Journal of Revenue Management | Finance | 14747332 |
133. | Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting | Finance | 17516447 |
134. | Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis | Finance |
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135. | Journal of Emerging Market Finance | Finance | 9726527 |
136. | Journal of Financial Services Marketing | Finance | 13630539 |
137. | International Journal of Disclosure and Governance | Finance | 17413591 |
138. | Journal of Banking Regulation | Finance | 17456452 |
139. | Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management | Finance | 14766930 |
140. | Applied Econometrics and International Development | Finance | 15784487 |
141. | Annals of Economics and Finance | Finance | 15297373 |
142. | Asian Economic Papers | Finance | 15353516 |
143. | International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship | Finance | 14646668 |
144. | Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Economics | Finance | 16081625 |
145. | International Journal of Sport Finance | Finance | 15586235 |
146. | Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal | Finance | 10963685 |
147. | Economia Chilena | Finance | 7173830 |
148. | Cuadernos de Gestion | Finance | 11316837 |
149. | Foundations and Trends in Accounting | Finance | 15540642 |
150. | Journal of Pension Economics and Finance | Finance | 14747472 |
151. | Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance | Finance | 18234992 |
152. | Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft | Finance | 442585 |
153. | Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakultet au Rijeci | Finance | 13318004 |
154. | Investment Analysts Journal | Finance | 10293523 |
155. | International Journal of Business and Society | Finance | 15116670 |
156. | Accounting Research Journal | Finance | 10309616 |
157. | Asian Review of Accounting | Finance | 13217348 |
158. | Tax Policy and the Economy | Finance | 8928649 |
159. | Economia Politica | Finance | 11202890 |
160. | Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad | Finance | 2102412 |
161. | Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies | Finance | 20419945 12261165 |
162. | Investment Management and Financial Innovations | Finance | 18104967 |
163. | Review of Development Finance | Finance | 18799337 |
164. | International Journal of Central Banking | Finance | 18154654 |
165. | International Journal of Digital Accounting Research | Finance | 15778517 |
166. | Annual Review of Financial Economics | Finance | 19411367 |
167. | Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies | Finance | 17520843 |
168. | Review of Accounting and Finance | Finance | 14757702 |
169. | Accounting in Europe | Finance | 17449480 |
170. | International Review of Finance | Finance | 1369412X |
171. | Financial Review | Finance | 7328516 |
172. | Journal of the American Taxation Association | Finance | 1989073 |
173. | eJournal of Tax Research | Finance | 14482398 |
174. | Risk and Decision Analysis | Finance | 15697371 |
175. | International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance | Finance | 17553830 |
176. | Contemporary Economics | Finance | 20840845 |
177. | Journal of European Real Estate Research | Finance | 17539269 |
178. | International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance | Finance | 17520479 |
179. | Banking and Finance Review | Finance | 19477945 |
180. | Foundations and Trends in Finance | Finance | 15672395 |
181. | International Journal of Business | Finance | 10834346 |
182. | International Insolvency Review | Finance | 11800518 |
183. | Journal of Behavioral Finance | Finance | 15427560 |
184. | SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics | Finance | 1945497X |
185. | ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research | Finance | 1543866X |
186. | Indian Journal of Finance | Finance | 9738711 |
187. | China Journal of Accounting Research | Finance | 17553091 |
188. | African Finance Journal | Finance | 16059786 |
189. | EuroMed Journal of Business | Finance | 14502194 |
190. | Journal of Corporate Real Estate | Finance | 1463001X |
191. | Comptabilite Controle Audit | Finance | 12622788 |
192. | Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction | Finance | 13664387 |
193. | Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance | Finance | 22146350 |
194. | Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal | Finance | 18342000 |
195. | International Journal of Electronic Finance | Finance | 17460069 |
196. | Algorithmic Finance | Finance | 21585571 |
197. | Revista Contabilidade e Financas | Finance | 15197077 |
198. | Banks and Bank Systems | Finance | 18167403 |
199. | Strategic Change | Finance | 10861718 |
200. | Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy | Finance | 17939933 |
201. | Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management | Finance | 15501949 |
202. | Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice | Finance | 18009581 |
203. | International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management | Finance | 17538394 |
204. | Borsa Istanbul Review | Finance | 22148450 |
205. | Journal of Credit Risk | Finance | 17446619 |
206. | Journal of Risk | Finance | 14651211 |
207. | Journal of Operational Risk | Finance | 17446740 |
208. | Journal of Computational Finance | Finance | 14601559 |
209. | Journal of Risk Model Validation | Finance | 17539579 |
210. | China Finance Review International | Finance | 20441398 |
211. | Journal of Financial Economic Policy | Finance | 17576385 |
212. | Qualitative Research in Financial Markets | Finance | 17554179 |
213. | Managerial Finance | Finance | 3074358 |
214. | European Journal of Management and Business Economics | Finance | 24448451 |
215. | Journal of Commodity Markets | Finance | 24058513 |
216. | Journal of Risk Finance | Finance | 9657967 |
217. | Real Estate Management and Valuation | Finance |
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218. | Zhournal Novoi Ekonomicheskoi Associacii | Finance | 22212264 |
219. | Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies | Finance | 20294581 |
220. | Law and Financial Markets Review | Finance | 17521440 |
221. | Journal of Hospitality Financial Management | Finance | 10913211 |
222. | Valori e Valutazioni | Finance | 20362404 |
223. | Cogent Economics and Finance | Finance |
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224. | International Organisations Research Journal | Finance | 19967845 |
225. | Ekonomicheskaya Politika | Finance | 19945124 |
226. | Review of Behavioral Finance | Finance | 19405979 |
227. | Journal of Financial Therapy | Finance | 19457774 |
228. | Journal of Business Cycle Research | Finance | 25097962 |
229. | Capital Markets Law Journal | Finance | 17507219 |
230. | Journal of Structured Finance | Finance | 15519783 |
231. | International Journal of Sustainable Economy | Finance | 17565804 |
232. | Quarterly Journal of Finance | Finance | 20101392 |
233. | Journal of Economic Development | Finance | 2548372 |
234. | European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention | Finance | 20527764 |
235. | Bank i Kredyt | Finance | 1375520 |
236. | Revista Finanzas y Politica Economica | Finance | 22486046 |
237. | Journal of Southeast Asian Economies | Finance | 23395095 |
238. | Pacific Accounting Review | Finance | 1140582 |
239. | Public Sector Economics | Finance |
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240. | Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods | Finance | 22877843 |
241. | Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research | Finance | 23288272 |
242. | South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance | Finance | 22779787 |
243. | Critical Finance Review | Finance | 21645744 |
244. | ACRN Journal of Finance and Risk Perspectives | Finance |
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245. | Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Science | Finance | 19978553 |
246. | Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment | Finance | 20430795 |
247. | ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance | Finance | 1281976 |
248. | Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business | Finance | 22884637 |
249. | ICSID Review | Finance | 2583690 |
250. | Journal of the Australasian Tax Teachers Association | Finance |
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251. | Financial Innovation | Finance |
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252. | World Scientific Series in Finance | Finance | 20101082 |
253. | World Scientific Handbook in Financial Economics Series | Finance | 20101732 |
254. | Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions | Finance | 17528887 |
255. | Lecturas de Economia | Finance | 1202596 |
256. | Journal of Network Theory in Finance | Finance | 20557795 |
257. | Finance India | Finance | 9703772 |
258. | UCJC Business and Society Review | Finance |
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259. | Central Bank Review | Finance | 13030701 |
260. | International Journal of Financial Studies | Finance |
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261. | Transnational Corporations Review | Finance | 19186444 |
262. | Review of Asset Pricing Studies | Finance | 20459920 |
263. | Review of Corporate Finance Studies | Finance | 20469128 |
264. | Journal of Financial Regulation | Finance | 20534833 |
265. | Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan | Finance | 14108046 |
266. | British Tax Review | Finance | 71870 |
267. | Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies | Finance |
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268. | Advances in Japanese Business and Economics | Finance | 21978859 |
269. | Journal of Law, Finance, and Accounting | Finance | 23805005 |
270. | Journal of Australian Taxation | Finance | 14400405 |
271. | Estudios Gerenciales | Finance | 1235923 |
272. | Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific | Finance | 2662222X |
273. | Annals of Financial Economics | Finance | 20104952 |
274. | Public Finance Quarterly | Finance | 0031496X |
275. | Journal of Index Investing | Finance | 21547238 |
276. | Journal of Investing | Finance | 10680896 |
277. | Journal of Retirement | Finance | 23266899 |
278. | Journal of Governance and Regulation | Finance | 22209352 |
279. | Thailand and the World Economy | Finance | 26300931 |
280. | Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance and Fraud | Finance | 25097873 |
281. | Journal of Finance and Data Science | Finance |
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282. | Journal of Property Tax Assessment and Administration | Finance | 13571419 |
283. | Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance | Finance | 23319712 |
284. | Finance | Finance | 7526180 |
285. | Economics and Business Review | Finance | 23921641 |
286. | International Real Estate Review | Finance | 21548919 |
287. | European Journal of Business Science and Technology | Finance | 23366494 |
288. | Finance: Theory and Practice | Finance | 25875671 |
