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1. Introduction

• Background: For emphasizing the significance of MANETs and their specific properties that differentiates with ordinary wireless networks with stable structure and wired networks, you must clearly introduce the MANETs theory in a concise manner.
• Motivation: In several applications like, IoT, vehicular networks, military missions and emergency response models, detail the enhancing importance of MANETs.
• Objectives: The goals of your thesis like the aspect you intend to present or attain using your study should be well-defined.
• Scope: The unique features of MANETs that you will aim at must be involved when discussing the range of your research.

2. Literature Review

• Existing Research: By enclosing main creations, methods and results, depict a complete survey of recent investigation in the MANETs domain.
• Gaps in Research: In previous exploration, you have to detect spaces which your thesis targets to overcome. The domains that are not yet fully discovered or the unanswered problems inside the MANETs can be included as gaps.

3. Theoretical Framework

• Fundamental Concepts: Along with routing protocols, node mobility frameworks, network topology and networking regulations, you must research the conceptual foundations of MANETs.
• Challenges: Security problems, Quality of Service (QoS), routing performance, energy constraints and dynamic topology handling are the native difficulties of MANETs that should be explained briefly.

4. Methodology

• Research Design: Describe whether your research is conceptual, simulation-oriented, new practice or an integration of these procedures by summarizing your research design.
• Tools and Techniques: The technologies and tools like analytical frameworks, experimental settings or the simulation software such as OMNet++, NS-2, NS-3 should be discussed properly.
• Data Collection and Analysis: You should detail the process of gathering and analyzing the data. To assess network security, efficiency and other related features, define the metrics that you will employ in research.

5. Research Contributions

• Innovative Solutions: Based on the division of your study, demonstrate the creative outcomes, frameworks or approaches which you have constructed. QoS improvement methods for MANETs, novel energy handling policies, safety systems and routing protocols can be included here.
• Analysis and Results: This section is assisted by data, graphs and comparative studies and offers an informative observation of your results. Here, you can describe how the detected limitations or problems in MANET exploration are solved by your findings.

6. Discussion

• Implications: Especially for the model, deployment and maintenance of MANETs, the significance of your results must be described.
• Limitations: Focusing on the features like practical suitability, hypotheses created throughout investigation and scalability, accept the restrictions of your research.

7. Conclusion and Future Work

• Summary: You need to paraphrase the main dedications given to the area of MANETs through your thesis clearly.
• Future Directions: For improving the results and solving the challenges of your research, recommend fields for upcoming investigation.

8. References

It is necessary to attach an extensive list of all the referenced educational journals, articles, sources and other citations in your thesis.

9. Appendices

In this phase, you can offer the extra resources like expanded data tables, mathematical equations and program scripts which helps your thesis but are very elaborated to include for the major content.

What are the issues addressed by routing protocol in MANET?

      The flexibility and mobility are considered as the main aspects of MANET, and various problems have emerged due to these features. Here, we examine the most specific challenges which should be solved perfectly by the routing protocols in MANET:

1. Dynamic Topology

• Problem: Whenever nodes relocate or refine their transportation length, the network topology transforms often in a MANET randomly.
• Solution: By adjusting to topology alterations without necessitating a central control structure rapidly, routing protocols keep paths and upgrades dynamically.

2. Limited Bandwidth

• Problem: The distributed medium can raise packet loss and direct to collisions, because the wireless connections contain lower capacity when contrasted with wired links.
• Solution: To safeguard bandwidth, effective routing protocols optimize data packet supply and reduce control overhead.

3. Scalability

• Problem: Preserving capable and active routing becomes very difficult, when the number of nodes in a MANET maximizes.
• Solution: Keeping network efficiency with the assistance of scalable routing protocols that doesn’t direct a proportional rise and assure the improvement in network size.

4. Energy Constraints

• Problem: With insufficient energy resources, mostly nodes in a MANET are battery-powered devices.
• Solution: By deciding energy-effective paths or placing nodes within low-powered formats when they are not active, energy-aware protocols focus on reducing energy consumption throughout the network.

5. Routing Efficiency

• Problem: It is critical to detect and keep optimal paths in a frequently transforming platform.
• Solution: For choosing and preserving highly effective paths, routing protocols employ different metrics like node velocity, link quality and hop count.

6. Link Breakages

• Problem: By breaking active paths, high node mobility can cause connection breakdowns often.
• Solution: To reduce the breakage initiated through damaged connections, protocols utilize systems for fast path renovation and path exploration.

7. Quality of Service (QoS)

• Problem: Because of the dynamic essence of the network, it is complicated to offer trustworthy interaction and conference QoS needs for various applications such as video and voice streaming.
• Solution: During the formation of paths, a few protocols are developed to examine QoS parameters like jitter, delay and bandwidth.

8. Security Concerns

• Problem: Specifically to several safety attacks such as impersonation, denial of service threats and eavesdropping, the absences of constant architecture and the open wireless medium create MANETs susceptible.
• Solution: To protect data transferring and secure the network structure, security-improved routing protocols implement trust systems, verification and encryption.

9. Integration with Existing Protocols and Networks

• Problem: For wider connection, it is critical to confirm that MANETs can edge with previous protocols and networks in an effective manner.
• Solution: By promoting the collaboration of MANETs with other kinds of wireless networks and standard IP networks, a few routing protocols are developed with interoperability attentively.

10. Multi-Path Routing

• Problem: To improve bandwidth and authenticity, different routes can be implemented. However, it is difficult to handle these multiple paths.
• Solution: Through enhancing load balancing and redundancy, multi-path routing protocols permit data to be separated throughout various routes.